Journal: Journal of Pain Research

Article Title: Effects and Mechanisms of Wrist-Ankle Acupuncture on Inflammatory Pain in the Rat Gastrocnemius Muscle

doi: 10.2147/JPR.S605568

Figure Lengend Snippet: Inflammatory cytokine levels in the gastrocnemius muscle of rats in each group. ( a ) IL-1β; ( b ) IL-6; ( c ) TNF-α; ( d ) TGF-β (n = 4). Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Differences between groups were compared using one-way ANOVA. * p < 0.05, ns p > 0.05.

Article Snippet: Complete freund’s adjuvant (CFA) (Sigma, USA, F5881), trichloroethanol (Aibei, Nanjing, CN, M2820), acupuncture needles (Jiajian Medical, CN), TENS-WAA equipment (Shanghai MicroPort Scientific Co, CN), Von Frey hairs mechanical stimulation needles (Yuyan Instrument, CN), Von Frey test cage (Yuyan Instrument, CN), Rat IL-6 ELISA Kit (Servicebio, CN, GER0001-96T), Rat IL-1β ELISA Kit (Servicebio, CN, GER0002-96T), Rat TNF-α ELISA Kit (Servicebio, CN, GER0004-96T), Rat TGF-β1 ELISA Kit (Servicebio, CN, GER0051-96T), BCA Protein Assay Kit (Servicebio, CN, G2026-1000T), TRIzol ® reagent (China, Servicebio, CN, G3013) SweScript All-in-One SuperMix for qPCR (Servicebio, CN, G3337), Blue SYBR Green qPCR Master Mix (Servicebio, CN, G3326).

Techniques:

Journal: Physiological Reports

Article Title: Water intake regulates mucosal immunity in rat jejunal villi via IL ‐1β, IL ‐6, and IL ‐10

doi: 10.14814/phy2.70891

Figure Lengend Snippet: (a) Effects of water intake on changes in lymph volume collected over set intervals of 60 min in rat jejunum‐originated lymph vessels. (b) Effects of water intake on changes in the concentration of IL‐1β in the lymph. (c) Effects of water intake on changes in the concentration of IL‐6 in the lymph. (d) Effects of water intake on changes in the concentration of IL‐10 in the lymph. The open column, control; the black column, water intake. The error bars represent SDs.

Article Snippet: The concentrations of cytokines in the lymph were measured using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits: a rat IL‐1β ELISA quantitative kit (catalog no. RLB00; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA), an IL‐6 ELISA kit (catalog no. R6000B; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA), and a mouse/rat IL‐10 ELISA kit (catalog no. KE20003; Rosemont, IL, USA) (Arai et al., ).

Techniques: Concentration Assay, Control

Journal: Physiological Reports

Article Title: Water intake regulates mucosal immunity in rat jejunal villi via IL ‐1β, IL ‐6, and IL ‐10

doi: 10.14814/phy2.70891

Figure Lengend Snippet: (a) Effects of water intake on changes in lymph volume collected over set intervals of 60 min in rat jejunum‐derived lymph vessels in the absence (white column) and presence of clodronate (oblique line column). (b) Effects of water intake without (white column) and with clodronate (oblique line column) on changes in the concentration of IL‐1β in the lymph. Effects of water intake without (white column) and with clodronate (oblique line column) on changes in the concentration of IL‐6 in the lymph. Effects of water intake without (white column) and with clodronate (oblique line column) on changes in the concentration of IL‐10 in the lymph. The error bars represent SDs.

Article Snippet: The concentrations of cytokines in the lymph were measured using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits: a rat IL‐1β ELISA quantitative kit (catalog no. RLB00; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA), an IL‐6 ELISA kit (catalog no. R6000B; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA), and a mouse/rat IL‐10 ELISA kit (catalog no. KE20003; Rosemont, IL, USA) (Arai et al., ).

Techniques: Derivative Assay, Concentration Assay

Journal: Physiological Reports

Article Title: Water intake regulates mucosal immunity in rat jejunal villi via IL ‐1β, IL ‐6, and IL ‐10

doi: 10.14814/phy2.70891

Figure Lengend Snippet: (a) Effects of water intake on changes in lymph volume collected over set intervals of 60 min in rat jejunum‐derived lymph vessels in the absence (white column) and presence of a MyD88 inhibitor (oblique line column). (b) Effects of water intake without (white column) and with a MyD88 inhibitor (oblique line column) on changes in the concentration of IL‐1β in the lymph. (c) Effects of water intake without (white column) and with a MyD88 inhibitor (oblique line column) on changes in the concentration of IL‐6 in the lymph. (d) Effects of water intake without (white column) and with a MyD88 inhibitor (oblique line column) on changes in the concentration of IL‐10 in the lymph. The error bars represent the SDs.

Article Snippet: The concentrations of cytokines in the lymph were measured using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits: a rat IL‐1β ELISA quantitative kit (catalog no. RLB00; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA), an IL‐6 ELISA kit (catalog no. R6000B; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA), and a mouse/rat IL‐10 ELISA kit (catalog no. KE20003; Rosemont, IL, USA) (Arai et al., ).

Techniques: Derivative Assay, Concentration Assay

Journal: Journal of Inflammation Research

Article Title: Acupuncture Activates PI3K/Akt Pathway to Promote Spinal Microglial M2 Polarization and Alleviate Spastic Hemiplegia Following Ischemic Stroke

doi: 10.2147/JIR.S592917

Figure Lengend Snippet: Acupuncture shifted spinal microglia toward the M2 phenotype, modified spinal inflammation milieu, restored the E/I balancing in the spinal motor circuit and activated the spinal PI3K/Akt pathway in MCAO rats with spastic hemiplegia. Immunofluorescence of microglial polarization state: representative images of CD32 (M1 marker, green) and Iba-1 (microglial marker, red) co-localization by immunofluorescence ( A ); representative images of CD206 (M2 marker, green) and Iba-1 (red) co-localization by immunofluorescence ( B ) with all nuclei of cells stained by DAPI (blue); scale bar, 50 μm; the semi-quantitative fluorescent intensity results of CD32 ( C ) and CD206 ( D ). Immunofluorescence of synaptic boutons in motor circuit: representative images of vGluT1 immunoreactive boutons (marking the proprioceptive terminals, red) on CTB-labeled motor neurons (MNs, green) ( E ); representative images of vGluT1 boutons (red) contacting vGAT immunoreactive boutons (marking GABAergic synapses, green) ( F ); scale bar, 10 μm, 2 μm; fold change of vGluT1 boutons on MNs ( G ); ratio of vGluT1 boutons opposed by vGAT boutons ( H ). Representative Western blot bands ( I ) and quantitative results for CD32 ( J ), CD206 ( K ), vGluT1 ( L ), vGAT ( M ), p-PI3K/PI3K ( N ), and p-Akt/Akt ( O ) protein expressions relative to GAPDH protein. The mRNA levels of CD32 ( P ) and CD206 ( Q ) were detected by RT-qPCR. The concentrations of TNF-α ( R ), IL-6 ( S ), TGF-β ( T ), IL-10 ( U ), Glu ( V ), GABA ( W ) were detected by ELISA. N = 6 per group. Data were expressed as mean ± SD. **P<0.01,***P<0.001 versus M+AP group; ### P<0.001 versus M group.

Article Snippet: The levels of TNF-α (EK0526, Boster Biological), IL-6 (EK0412, Boster Biological), and TGF-β (EK0514, Boster Biological), IL-10 (EK0418, Boster Biological) were determined to assess neuroinflammation.

Techniques: Modification, Immunofluorescence, Marker, Staining, Labeling, Western Blot, Quantitative RT-PCR, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Journal: Journal of Inflammation Research

Article Title: Acupuncture Activates PI3K/Akt Pathway to Promote Spinal Microglial M2 Polarization and Alleviate Spastic Hemiplegia Following Ischemic Stroke

doi: 10.2147/JIR.S592917

Figure Lengend Snippet: Inhibition of M1 polarization of microglia mitigated spinal inflammatory milieu and facilitated the restoration of spinal E/I balance in MCAO rats with spastic hemiplegia. Immunofluorescence of microglial polarization state: representative images of CD32 (green) and Iba-1 (red) co-localization by immunofluorescence ( A ) representative images of CD206 (green) and Iba-1 (red) co-localization by immunofluorescence ( B ) with all nuclei of cells stained by DAPI (blue); scale bar, 50 μm; the semi-quantitative fluorescent intensity results of CD32 ( C ) and CD206 ( D ). Immunofluorescence of synaptic boutons in motor circuit: representative images of vGluT1 immunoreactive boutons (red) on CTB-labeled MNs (green) ( E ) representative images of vGluT1 boutons (red) contacting vGAT immunoreactive boutons (green) ( F ) scale bar, 10 μm, 2 μm; fold change of vGluT1 boutons on MNs ( G ) ratio of vGluT1 boutons opposed by vGAT boutons ( H ). Representative Western blot bands ( I ) and quantitative results for CD32 ( J ) CD206 ( K ) vGluT1 ( L ) vGAT ( M ) protein expression relative to GAPDH protein. The mRNA levels of CD32 ( N ) and CD206 ( O ) were detected by RT-qPCR. The concentrations of TNF-α ( P ) IL-6 ( Q ) TGF-β ( R ) IL-10 ( S ) Glu ( T ) GABA ( U ) were detected by ELISA. N = 6 per group. Data were expressed as mean ± SD. **P<0.01, ***P<0.001 versus M+MC group; ### P<0.001 versus M group.

Article Snippet: The levels of TNF-α (EK0526, Boster Biological), IL-6 (EK0412, Boster Biological), and TGF-β (EK0514, Boster Biological), IL-10 (EK0418, Boster Biological) were determined to assess neuroinflammation.

Techniques: Inhibition, Immunofluorescence, Staining, Labeling, Western Blot, Expressing, Quantitative RT-PCR, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Journal: Journal of Inflammation Research

Article Title: Acupuncture Activates PI3K/Akt Pathway to Promote Spinal Microglial M2 Polarization and Alleviate Spastic Hemiplegia Following Ischemic Stroke

doi: 10.2147/JIR.S592917

Figure Lengend Snippet: Acupuncture mitigated excitability of spinal motor circuits and inflammatory milieu via PI3K/Akt pathway in MCAO rats with spastic hemiplegia. Immunofluorescence of synaptic boutons in motor circuit: representative images of vGluT1 immunoreactive boutons (red) on CTB-labeled MNs (green) ( A ); representative images of vGluT1 boutons (red) contacting vGAT immunoreactive boutons (green) ( B ); scale bar, 10 μm, 2 μm; fold change of vGluT1 boutons on MNs ( C ); ratio of vGluT1 boutons opposed by vGAT boutons ( D ). Representative Western blot bands ( E ) and quantitative results for CD32 ( F ) CD206 ( G ) vGluT1 ( H ) vGAT ( I ) protein expression relative to GAPDH protein. The mRNA levels of CD32 ( J ) and CD206 ( K ) were detected by RT-qPCR. The concentrations of TNF-α ( L ) IL-6 ( M ) TGF-β ( N ) IL-10 ( O ) Glu ( P ) GABA ( Q ) were detected by ELISA. N = 6 per group. Data were expressed as mean ± SD. ***P<0.001 versus M+AP+Veh group; ## P<0.01, ### P<0.001 versus M+Veh group.

Article Snippet: The levels of TNF-α (EK0526, Boster Biological), IL-6 (EK0412, Boster Biological), and TGF-β (EK0514, Boster Biological), IL-10 (EK0418, Boster Biological) were determined to assess neuroinflammation.

Techniques: Immunofluorescence, Labeling, Western Blot, Expressing, Quantitative RT-PCR, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay